FINAL PROJECT DATA COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING (OSI LAYER AND SUBNETTING)
Group members :-
MUHAMMAD IQHWAN BIN ADNAN ( B031910287 )
MUHAMMAD HASIF NABIL BIN MOHD HELMI ( B031910104 )
MUHAMAD HAZIM AZHAD BIN SUHAIME ( B031910258 )
MUHAMMAD AIZAT FAHMI BIN ABDUL ROPOR ( B031910123 )
MUHAMMAD SYAHMIE FAKRHI BIN AHMAD AZHAR ( B031910107 )
Project Scenario
This scenario of this project is
referring to Figure 1. Figure 1 shows the logical network flow from a home
network to UTeM facilities. In this figure, a UTeM’s lecture is trying to access
the ULearn system located in the UTeM network facilities. The lecturer is using
his modem to connect to the public network before able to connect to the UTeM
facilities. From the UTeM network, the data then was forwarded to IT Center
where the ULearn System server is located.
In term of private addressing scheme, UTeM network is using Class C private addressing scheme which is 192.168.0.0/16. In UTeM facilities, there are 30 different departments. Hence, the network address was segregated by using subnetting concept. Each department is given their network address. In this case, IT Center is being assigned as the 11th available subnet as their network address. From this network address, the ULearn System server is assigned as the 3rd available address. Use this information to identify the address of the ULearn System server.
1. OSI Layer Model
Application Layer
The lecturer in this scenario are to log into the ULearn system. The first thing that the lecturer would see the interface of the website. This interface (platform to login) is provided by the Application layer. The main objective of the Application layer is to display the information received and provide data exchange service to the user. The data exchange and IP traffic that is undergoing are handled by using protocols. The protocol used when the lecturer is trying to reach ULearn system server is HTTP (Hypermark Text Transfer Protocol) which is largely used across World Wide Web for data transfer.
If the lecturer are to post a lecture note in ULearn, the Application layer would provide the application interface to do so. Underneath the interface are the networks involved in sending data to the ULearn system server.
Presentation Layer
The information sent from the lecturer’s computer are encrypted and compressed in the Presentation layer. The layer also Decrypt data when it arrives at ULearn system server. The purpose of encryption and decryption of data are for privacy and security. Data is compressed to reduce the number of bits contained in the information, this would improve the data throughput. The information are also translated into bit streams before being transmitted. Translation is very important as networks connect a variety of different types of computers, servers and mainframes which may work on different character sets, Presentation layer is responsible for the syntax and semantics of data transfer and making sure there are no errors during the process.
Diagram above
are for data to be transferred and received respectively
Session Layer
The session layer is responsible for
maintains, establishes and synchronizes the interaction between communicating
systems. Session layer helps in setting up and managing connections enabling
sending and receiving of data followed by terminations of connections or
sessions. Session layer has its helpers called APIs (Application Programming
Interfaces) and NETBIOS (Network Basic Output System) is an example of APIs
which allows applications on a different computer to communicate with each
other.
In this scenario, t8he UTem’s lecturer tries to access the Ulearn system located in the UTem network facilities. For the first step, the server will establish the connection between the home network and the server. This process called Authentication, It is to verify who you are in Ulearn server by sign in Ulearn portal. For the next step, the server will acknowledge the user. After that, the server needs to send the authorization permission to the user. It is the process used by the server to determine if you have permission to access if the user is satisfied yes or not is checked. If not then you will get the message "You are not authorized to access this page". This process called Authorization.
Transport Layer
The transport layer is
responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another. Transport
layer controls the reliability of communication through flow control, error
control and segmentation.
In this scenario, the
lecturer uploads the data using Ulearn website. In segmentation, it adds a port address to the
header of the data packet. The data received will be separate from the small
data unit called segments. Each segment contains a sequence number along with
the port address.
So, it ensures that the
segments arrive correctly at the receiver’s end and then reassembles them. In
flow control, the process used by the server to control the amount of data
transmitting. So, the speed of
transmission from the home network to the server will fast. In error control,
there has two protocol that is Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and User
Datagram Protocol (UDP).
This layer has two types of services that are Connection-Oriented Transmission via TCP and Connectionless Transmission via UDP. UDP is faster than TCP because it does not provide any feedback. However, just in TCP only can transfer the loss data. For the Ulearn server, TCP protocol better than UDP because TCP can transfer the loss data.For Ulearn server, TCP protocol better than UDP because TCP can transfer the loss data.
Network Layer
The third layer of OSI model is the Network
Layer. This layer receives data segment from transport layer and adds logical
address to it. A logical address has two components which are network partition
and host partition. Network partition is used to group networking components
together while host partition is used to uniquely identity a system on a
network. Logical address is known as IP address. Every computer has unique IP
address. Based on scenario given, in network layer will assign lecture computer
IP address and Ulearn server IP address to each segment to form IP packets. IP
address assigned to ensure each data packet can reach to the correct
destination.
This layer decides whether the packet is
intended for local system or remote system. It also specifies the standards and
protocols which are used to move the data packets across the networks.
To move data packet from source to destination,
a device known as modem is used. Routing is a process of forwarding data packet
to its destination. Lecture computer must have connected to network, then when
lecture request to access Ulearn. Ulearn server will reply by packet and this
packet need to delivery to lecture computer only because in this layer already
have IP address sender and IP address receiver in this packet. Finally, data
packet will receive to network then to the lecture computer.
Data link layer
At OSI Model, Layer 2, data packets are encoded
and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and
management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame
synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media
Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC
sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and
permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow
control and error checking.
From the scenario, MAC addressing lecture computer and Ulearn server are assign each data packet to form frame. MAC address is set of six pairs of alphanumeric characters separated by colons or dashes embedded in network interface card (NIC). Data unit transfer from lecture computer to Ulearn server via logical media. Lecture computer connected to modem via internet cable. Then, modem will connected to another network used by Ulearn server via satellite link.Finally the data will transfer to Ulearn server.
Physical Layer
At the bottom of OSI layer, Physical Layer is the lowest layer of OSI model. The Physical Layer mainly defines standards for media and devices that are used to move the data across the network.This layer represents the electrical and physical representation of the system. On lecture computer, it converts digital signals received from the Data Link layer, in analog signals and loads them in physical media. On Ulearn server, it picks analog signals from media and converts them in digital signals and transfers them to the Data Link layer for further processing.
2. Subnetting Calculation
192.168.0.0/16
30 Different departments
Networks
= 2b
(b=
borrowed bits)
25 = 32 Networks
Borrowed bits = 5
*30 different subnets are needed for 30 different departments
*Use the network formula to find subnets closest to 30
* 5 bits borrowed from hostid to become netid/subnet
New Mask = 255.255.248.0 / 21
* 248 = 192+64+32+16+8 /21 = number of places for host id
Number of host per subnet = 211 = 2046
2046 / 255 = 8
Difference between subnets are 0.0.8.0
Network AddressUsable Host Range
Broadcast Address:
192.168.0.0
192.168.0.1 - 192.168.7.254
192.168.7.255
192.168.8.0
192.168.8.1 - 192.168.15.254
192.168.15.255
192.168.16.0
192.168.16.1 - 192.168.23.254
192.168.23.255
192.168.24.0
192.168.24.1 - 192.168.31.254
192.168.31.255
192.168.32.0
192.168.32.1 - 192.168.39.254
192.168.39.255
192.168.40.0
192.168.40.1 - 192.168.47.254
192.168.47.255
192.168.48.0
192.168.48.1 - 192.168.55.254
192.168.55.255
192.168.56.0
192.168.56.1 - 192.168.63.254
192.168.63.255
192.168.64.0
192.168.64.1 - 192.168.71.254
192.168.71.255
192.168.72.0
192.168.72.1 - 192.168.79.254
192.168.79.255
192.168.80.0
192.168.80.1 - 192.168.87.254
192.168.87.255
192.168.88.0
192.168.88.1 - 192.168.95.254
192.168.95.255
192.168.96.0
192.168.96.1 - 192.168.103.254
192.168.103.255
192.168.104.0
192.168.104.1 - 192.168.111.254
192.168.111.255
192.168.112.0
192.168.112.1 - 192.168.119.254
192.168.119.255
192.168.120.0
192.168.120.1 - 192.168.127.254
192.168.127.255
192.168.128.0
192.168.128.1 - 192.168.135.254
192.168.135.255
192.168.136.0
192.168.136.1 - 192.168.143.254
192.168.143.255
192.168.144.0
192.168.144.1 - 192.168.151.254
192.168.151.255
192.168.152.0
192.168.152.1 - 192.168.159.254
192.168.159.255
192.168.160.0
192.168.160.1 - 192.168.167.254
192.168.167.255
192.168.168.0
192.168.168.1 - 192.168.175.254
192.168.175.255
192.168.176.0
192.168.176.1 - 192.168.183.254
192.168.183.255
192.168.184.0
192.168.184.1 - 192.168.191.254
192.168.191.255
192.168.192.0
192.168.192.1 - 192.168.199.254
192.168.199.255
192.168.200.0
192.168.200.1 - 192.168.207.254
192.168.207.255
192.168.208.0
192.168.208.1 - 192.168.215.254
192.168.215.255
192.168.216.0
192.168.216.1 - 192.168.223.254
192.168.223.255
192.168.224.0
192.168.224.1 - 192.168.231.254
192.168.231.255
192.168.232.0
192.168.232.1 - 192.168.239.254
192.168.239.255
192.168.240.0
192.168.240.1 - 192.168.247.254
192.168.247.255
192.168.248.0
192.168.248.1 - 192.168.255.254
192.168.255.255
IT Center
11th
available subnet
Network
address = 192.168.80.0 255.255.248.0
/21
Usable host
range = 192.168.80.1 -
192.168.87.254
Broadcast address = 192.168.87.255
ULearn System
Server
3rd
available address of IT Center
192.168.80.3
3. TCP/IP Setting Manual
Configure IP address
using windows 10
Click on the “view network
status and tasks” under the Network and Internet
Click on the connection as shown in the diagram. For this case the connections used is Wi-Fi. If the network connects using wired method, the process is also same with this.
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